Bromantane - PsychonautWiki

Bromantane

Summary sheet: Bromantane
Bromantane
Bromantane.svg
Chemical Nomenclature
Common names Bromantane, Bromantan, Ladasten
Substitutive name Bromantane
Systematic name N-(4-Bromophenyl)adamantan-2-amine
Class Membership
Psychoactive class Stimulant / Nootropic
Chemical class Adamantane
Routes of Administration

WARNING: Always start with lower doses due to differences between individual body weight, tolerance, metabolism, and personal sensitivity. See responsible use section.



⇣ Oral
Dosage
Bioavailability 42%[1]
Threshold < 10 mg
Light 10 - 50 mg
Common 50 - 100 mg
Strong 100 - 200 mg
Heavy 200 mg +
Duration
Total 6 - 10 hours
Onset 30 - 60 minutes
Peak 2 - 4 hours









DISCLAIMER: PW's dosage information is gathered from users and resources for educational purposes only. It is not a recommendation and should be verified with other sources for accuracy.

Interactions


Bromantane (trade name Ladasten / Ладастен) is a Russian pharmaceutical substance developed in the late 1980s that possesses both stimulant and anxiolytic properties.[2] Although it is a commonly used medication in Russia and surrounding countries, it has not gained widespread recognition or pharmaceutical use in other countries. During the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta, 5 different Russian athletes tested positive for bromantane use.[3]

A study conducted on human subjects displayed bromantane's ability to improve endurance and work capacity during stressful and intense conditions.[4] This is because bromantane works as an actoprotector, a substance that makes the body more stable under physical duress without increasing oxygen consumption.[5]

Chemistry

 
Adamantane molecule

Bromantane is a chemical derivative of adamantane, a polyhedral organic compound containing four fused cyclohexane rings. Bromantane's structure consists of adamantane bound at R2 to a nitrogenous group which is in turn bonded to a phenyl ring substituted at R4 with a bromine group.

Pharmacology

Bromantane is atypical among stimulants in the sense that it inhibits serotonin reuptake in addition to inhibiting dopamine reuptake. It also increases levels of norepinephrine, but its means of doing so are unclear.[6] Bromantane's anxiolytic properties are due to its strengthening of GABA-ergic mediation.[5]

Unlike typical stimulants such as amphetamine, bromantane's effects come primarily through the upregulation of tyrosine hydroxylase and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (L-DOPA decarboxylase).[7] Rodent studies have shown a 2-2.5x increase in these enzymes following administration of bromantane, and their upregulation causes a downstream increase in levels of dopamine, serotonin and epinephrine.

Although not relevant at clinical dosages, bromantane has been found to produce anticholinergic effects, including both antimuscarinic and antinicotinic actions, at very high doses in animals.[8][9]

Subjective effects

Disclaimer: The effects listed below cite the Subjective Effect Index (SEI), an open research literature based on anecdotal user reports and the personal analyses of PsychonautWiki contributors. As a result, they should be viewed with a healthy degree of skepticism.

It is also worth noting that these effects will not necessarily occur in a predictable or reliable manner, although higher doses are more liable to induce the full spectrum of effects. Likewise, adverse effects become increasingly likely with higher doses and may include addiction, severe injury, or death ☠.

Physical effects
 

Cognitive effects
 


Toxicity and harm potential

 

This toxicity and harm potential section is a stub.

As a result, it may contain incomplete or even dangerously wrong information! You can help by expanding upon or correcting it.
Note: Always conduct independent research and use harm reduction practices if using this substance.

Lethal dosage

The LD50 of bromantane in mice has been established at 8100 mg/kg.[10]

It is strongly recommended that one use harm reduction practices when using this substance.

Tolerance and addiction potential

Unlike other stimulants, bromantane does not seem to produce tolerance, addiction, or withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation.[11] Due to its irregular mechanism of action, it does not exhibit cross-tolerance with other typical stimulants, and anecdotal reports have claimed it can be used to reduce stimulant tolerance, which is caused in part by downregulation of tyrosine hydroxylase which bromantane can increase.

Long term effects

Bromantane has been shown to uniquely cause long-term changes to gene expression involved in dopamine metabolism in rats.[12] It is unclear is this effect is relevant to humans.

There are multiple anecdotal reports of long-term increases in energy levels, likely from elevated dopamine, from use of bromantane for periods of several months. These effects are claimed to persist even after stopping use of the drug, although have been noted to diminish over time, on a scale of weeks to month. It is unclear if this effect is permanent.

Dangerous Interractions

Due to its mechanism of action, bromantane can cause an unexpectedly strong reaction when mixed with other stimulants such as amphetamine, cocaine and/or methylphenidate. It is advised to avoid the use of stimulants with bromantane due to the potential for much stronger reactions than one would expect.

Legal status

 

This legality section is a stub.

As such, it may contain incomplete or wrong information. You can help by expanding it.

  • Germany: Bromantane is not a controlled substance under the BtMG (Narcotics Act)[13] or the NpSG (New Psychoactive Substances Act).[14] According to §2 AMG (Medicines Act) it would fall under the definition of a medicine because it induces pharmacological effect.[15] By a decision of the European Court of Justice, this definition was declared ineffective because it was not compatible with EU law.[16] Bromantane can be considered legal.
  • Russia: In Russia Bromantane has been discontinued in 2017 and will not be available in the nearest future.[citation needed]
  • Switzerland: Bromantane is not controlled under Buchstabe A, B, C and D. It could be considered legal.[17]
  • United States: Bromantane is uncontrolled in the United States and has not been approved by the FDA for human use. However, this has led nootropic vendor websites to sell bromantane under the label of "not for human consumption."[citation needed]

See also

External links

Literature

  • Reichlin, S. (1969). Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. The American Journal of The Medical Sciences (Vol. 258). https://doi.org/10.1097/00000441-196911000-00008
  • Krapivin, S. V, Sergeeva, S. A., & Morozov, I. S. (1993). [A quantitative pharmaco-electroencephalographic analysis of the action of bromantane]. Biulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii I Meditsiny, 116(11), 515–8. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8312546
  • Burnat, P., Payen, A., Brumant-Payen, C. Le, Hugon, M., & Ceppa, F. (1997). Bromontan, a new doping agent. The Lancet, 350(9082), 963–964. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)63310-7
  • Viatleva, O. A., Barchukov, V. G., Morozov, I. S., Salenko, I. A., & Zhirnov, E. N. (2000). [The neuro- and psychophysiological effects of bromantane]. Voenno-Meditsinskii Zhurnal, 321(8), 61–5, 96. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10998997
  • Iezhitsa, I. N., Spasov, A. A., & Bugaeva, L. I. (2001). Effects of bromantan on offspring maturation and development of reflexes. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 23(2), 213–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0892-0362(01)00119-2
  • Iezhitsa, I. N., Spasov, A. A., Bugaeva, L. I., & Morozov, I. S. (2002). Toxic effect of single treatment with bromantane on neurological status of experimental animals. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 133(4), 380–383. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016206306875
  • Oliynyk, S., & Oh, S. (2012). The pharmacology of actoprotectors: Practical application for improvement of mental and physical performance. Biomolecules and Therapeutics, 20(5), 446–456. https://doi.org/10.4062/biomolther.2012.20.5.446
  • Morozov, I. S., Klimova, N. V, Karpova, T. D., & Shestopalov, S. S. (n.d.). [The characteristics of the neuropsychotropic activity of bromantane in laboratory animals]. Eksperimental’naia I Klinicheskaia Farmakologiia, 62(2), 3–6. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10340117
  • Kudrin, V. S., Sergeeva, S. A., Krasnykh, L. M., Miroshnichenko, I. I., Grekhova, T. V, & Gaĭnetdinov, R. R. (n.d.). [The effect of bromantane on the dopamin- and serotoninergic systems of the rat brain]. Eksperimental’naia I Klinicheskaia Farmakologiia, 58(4), 8–11. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7580761

References

  1. ↑ Oliynyk, S., Oh, S. (September 2012). "The Pharmacology of Actoprotectors: Practical Application for Improvement of Mental and Physical Performance". Biomolecules & Therapeutics. 20 (5): 446–456. doi:10.4062/biomolther.2012.20.5.446. ISSN 1976-9148. 
  2. ↑ Krapivin, S. V., Sergeeva, S. A., Morozov, I. S. (November 1993). "[A quantitative pharmaco-electroencephalographic analysis of the action of bromantane]". Biulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii I Meditsiny. 116 (11): 515–518. ISSN 0365-9615. 
  3. ↑ Burnat, P., Payen, A., Brumant-Payen, C. L., Hugon, M., Ceppa, F. (September 1997). "Bromontan, a new doping agent". The Lancet. 350 (9082): 963–964. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)63310-7. ISSN 0140-6736. 
  4. ↑ Viatleva, O. A., Barchukov, V. G., Morozov, I. S., Salenko, I. A., Zhirnov, E. N. (August 2000). "[The neuro- and psychophysiological effects of bromantane]". Voenno-Meditsinskii Zhurnal. 321 (8): 61–65, 96. ISSN 0026-9050. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Oliynyk, S., Oh, S.-K. (30 September 2012). "The Pharmacology of Actoprotectors: Practical Application for Improvement of Mental and Physical Performance". Biomolecules and Therapeutics. 20 (5): 446–456. doi:10.4062/biomolther.2012.20.5.446. ISSN 1976-9148. 
  6. ↑ Kudrin, V. S., Sergeeva, S. A., Krasnykh, L. M., Miroshnichenko, I. I., Grekhova, T. V., Gaĭnetdinov, R. R. (August 1995). "[The effect of bromantane on the dopamin- and serotoninergic systems of the rat brain]". Eksperimental’naia I Klinicheskaia Farmakologiia. 58 (4): 8–11. ISSN 0869-2092. 
  7. ↑ Mikhaylova, M; Vakhitova, J; Yamidanov, R; Salimgareeva, M; Seredenin, S; Behnisch, T (2007). "The effects of ladasten on dopaminergic neurotransmission and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in rats". Neuropharmacology. 53 (5): 601–608. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuropharm.2007.07.001
  8. ↑ Morozov, I. S., Pukhova, G. S., Avdulov, N. A., Sergeeva, S. A., Spasov, A. A., Iezhitsa, I. N. (February 1999). "[The mechanisms of the neurotropic action of bromantan]". Eksperimental’naia I Klinicheskaia Farmakologiia. 62 (1): 11–14. ISSN 0869-2092. 
  9. ↑ Iezhitsa, I. N., Spasov, A. A., Bugaeva, L. I., Morozov, I. S. (April 2002). "Toxic effect of single treatment with bromantane on neurological status of experimental animals". Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 133 (4): 380–383. doi:10.1023/a:1016206306875. ISSN 0007-4888. 
  10. ↑ Morozov, I. S., Klimova, N. V., Karpova, T. D., Shestopalov, S. S. (April 1999). "[The characteristics of the neuropsychotropic activity of bromantane in laboratory animals]". Eksperimental’naia I Klinicheskaia Farmakologiia. 62 (2): 3–6. ISSN 0869-2092. 
  11. ↑ Iëzhitsa IN, Bugaeva LI, Spasov AA, Morozov IS (2000). "[Effect of bromantane on the rat neurologic status in two month course]". Eksp Klin Farmakol (in Russian). 63 (5): 13–7. PMID 11109517. 
  12. ↑ Vakhitova, I. V., Iamidanov, R. S., Vakhitov, V. A., Seredenin, S. B. (April 2005). "[DNA macroarray analysis of gene expression changes in rat brain after single administration of 2-aminoadamantane compound]". Molekuliarnaia Biologiia. 39 (2): 276–285. ISSN 0026-8984. 
  13. ↑ "Gesetz über den Verkehr mit Betäubungsmitteln (Betäubungsmittelgesetz - BtMG)" (in German). Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz. Retrieved December 28, 2019. 
  14. ↑ "Neue-psychoaktive-Stoffe-Gesetz (NpSG)" (in German). Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz. Retrieved December 28, 2019. 
  15. ↑ "§ 2 AMG" (in German). Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz. Retrieved December 28, 2019. 
  16. ↑ Prof. Dr. Helmut Pollähne (July 11, 2014). "Cannabinoide Kräutermischungen vor dem EuGH: Legal Highs bleiben legal" [Cannabinoid herbal mixtures at the ECJ: Legal highs stay legal] (in German). LTO. Retrieved December 28, 2019. 
  17. ↑ "Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien" (in German). Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]. Retrieved January 1, 2020. 


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