Sleep deprivation
Sleep deprivation is a mental state which occurs when one has not received adequate quantities of sleep for extended periods of time. This can occur naturally from insomnia or it can be induced by extended stimulant use; it differs from stimulant psychosis in its somewhat predictable timeline of deterioration of physical, mental, and visual abilities through predictable subjective effects.
The progression of the sleep deprivation experience can be broken down into hours gone without sleep, excluding micro-sleep sessions which may occur. A microsleep is a short period of time, from 10 to 60 seconds, in which the brain enters a sleep state, regardless of what the person is doing at the time. The affected individual often is not aware of the occurrence of the microsleep, experiencing only a brief skip forward in time.[1]
While humans are physically capable of surviving extended periods of sleep deprivation, it becomes increasingly difficult to remain awake and alert, until the person is inevitably unable to consciously resist falling asleep.
Subjective effects
The effects of sleep deprivation intensify as one is subjected to more time without sleep. Up to the 24-48 hour mark, the cognitive effects are manageable and perceptual effects are limited to the peripheral vision and hearing. However, as time goes on, the effects become all consuming and can render normal life impossible.
Sleep deprivation effects are expressed differently through populations including but not limited to age, gender, and occupation[2]. Keeping this in mind, people will have different reactions to different levels of sleep deprivation.
Physical effects 
-
As with other effects, the physical effects intensify as the sleep deprivation experience continues in time. What starts out as:
eventually ends up as:
- Physical fatigue
- Motor control loss
- Headache - In late stage these effects can begin to present themselves along with the more common auditory and visual effects:
- Olfactory hallucinations
- Tactile hallucinations[3]
Visual effects 
-
Sleep deprivation can induce hallucinatory states that most often involve. These visual effects often increase proportionally to the length of time without sleep:
- After images
- External hallucination[3]
- Environmental alterations[3]
- Visual haze
- Peripheral information misinterpretation[3] - As one continues to live without sleep, the visual hallucinations become more pronounced and may include these effects:
- Autonomous entities
- Shadow people
- Unspeakable horrors
- Object activation[3] - These late stage effects can be so intense and all encompassing that they render everyday tasks impossible to complete.
Cognitive effects 
-
As with all the effects of sleep deprivation, cognitive function deteriorates rapidly[2] as the sleep deprivation experience goes on. The decline of cognitive ability may be negligible during the first 1-36 hours of sleep deprivation but becomes increasingly present after this time mark has been passed. This rapid deterioration of cognitive abilities onsets at a faster pace than the physical effects of sleep deprivation. These effects are:
- Cognitive fatigue
- Focus suppression[2]
- Confusion
- Memory suppression[2][3][4]
- Sleepiness
- Anxiety[3][4]
- Irritability[3]
- Depression[3] - During early stage sleep deprivation, some people may experience these effects, but these effects quickly fade.
- Thought disorganization[3][4]
- Stimulation
- Euphoria[3]
- Disinhibition
- Increased libido
- Increased sense of humor - In late stage sleep deprivation can cause these effects.
- Delirium
- Delusions[3]
- Paranoia[3][4]
- Dissociation[3]
Auditory effects 
-
- Auditory hallucination - can occur as sleep deprivation progresses, including but not limited to hearing voices, hearing objects move that are stationary, and hearing real life people talking to you when they have been silent.[3] Autonomous entities seen in late stage sleep deprivation may speak to you directly or there might be disembodied voices speaking within ones head. These voices follow the same progression of the leveling effects that are seen in the autonomous entity article.
- Auditory distortion - can also occur that make conversing with others more difficult than in a well-rested state.
Neurochemistry
A main neurotransmitter which is involved in the effects of sleep deprivation is adenosine. Adenosine is released and builds up when a person is awake, and with sleep deprivation this can cause high amounts of adenosine to be released. Sleep deprivation increases activation of adenosine A1 receptors[5], which inhibit release of glutamate and acetylcholine[6], which could be involved in hallucinations and delusions caused by sleep deprivation.
During sleep deprivation, increased amounts of dopamine are released in the brain[7]. This is likely responsible for the euphoric and disinhibiting effects from early stage sleep deprivation, and may also have a role in the hallucinogenic effects of sleep deprivation.
Experiences
- 4 Days Sleep Deprivation - Progression of Sleep Deprivation Visuals Over Time by Fishcenternicole
- 1 Tab DOC - Psychedelia Turned Into Stimulant Psychosis by Fishcenternicole
Additional experience reports can be found here:
See also
External links
References
- ↑ Stanley Coren, P. (1 March 1998). "Sleep Deprivation, Psychosis and Mental Efficiency". Psychiatric Times. 15 (3).
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Alhola, P., Polo-Kantola, P. (October 2007). "Sleep deprivation: Impact on cognitive performance". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 3 (5): 553–567. ISSN 1176-6328.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 Waters, F; Chiu, V; Atkinson, A; Blom, JD (2018). "Severe Sleep Deprivation Causes Hallucinations and a Gradual Progression Toward Psychosis With Increasing Time Awake". Frontiers in psychiatry. 9: 303. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00303. PMID 30042701.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Reeve, Sarah; Emsley, Richard; Sheaves, Bryony; Freeman, Daniel (4 August 2017). "Disrupting Sleep: The Effects of Sleep Loss on Psychotic Experiences Tested in an Experimental Study With Mediation Analysis". Schizophrenia Bulletin. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx103.
- ↑ Elmenhorst, D., Meyer, P. T., Winz, O. H., Matusch, A., Ermert, J., Coenen, H. H., Basheer, R., Haas, H. L., Zilles, K., Bauer, A. (28 February 2007). "Sleep deprivation increases A1 adenosine receptor binding in the human brain: a positron emission tomography study". The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 27 (9): 2410–2415. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5066-06.2007. ISSN 1529-2401.
- ↑ Sperlágh, B., Vizi, E. S. (April 2011). "The Role of Extracellular Adenosine in Chemical Neurotransmission in the Hippocampus and Basal Ganglia: Pharmacological and Clinical Aspects". Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. 11 (8): 1034–1046. doi:10.2174/156802611795347564. ISSN 1568-0266.
- ↑ One Sleepless Night Increases Dopamine In The Human Brain
Further reading
- Freeman, D., Sheaves, B., Goodwin, G. M., Yu, L.-M., Nickless, A., Harrison, P. J., Emsley, R., Luik, A. I., Foster, R. G., Wadekar, V., Hinds, C., Gumley, A., Jones, R., Lightman, S., Jones, S., Bentall, R., Kinderman, P., Rowse, G., Brugha, T., Blagrove, M., Gregory, A. M., Fleming, L., Walklet, E., Glazebrook, C., Davies, E. B., Hollis, C., Haddock, G., John, B., Coulson, M., Fowler, D., Pugh, K., Cape, J., Moseley, P., Brown, G., Hughes, C., Obonsawin, M., Coker, S., Watkins, E., Schwannauer, M., MacMahon, K., Siriwardena, A. N., Espie, C. A. (October 2017). "The effects of improving sleep on mental health (OASIS): a randomised controlled trial with mediation analysis". The Lancet Psychiatry. 4 (10): 749–758. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30328-0. ISSN 2215-0366.