Oxiracetam
| Summary sheet: Oxiracetam |
| Oxiracetam | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Chemical Nomenclature | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common names | Oxiracetam | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Systematic name | (RS)-2-(4-hydroxy-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)acetamide | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Psychoactive class | Nootropic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical class | Racetam | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Oxiracetam (ISF 2522) is a mild central nervous system stimulant and nootropic agent belonging to the racetam family of drugs.[1][2] Although it is one of the first known and synthesized derivatives of piracetam, its research and efficacy in humans is limited.
Oxiracetam is readily available and sold through online vendors as a dietary supplement in the United States. Dosages are nearly twenty times those of noopept, making it less potent while offering comparable benefit.
Supplementation of oxiracetam tends to be in the dosage range of 1,200-2,400mg taken over the course of a day,[3] either in two to three evenly spread dosing periods (such as three doses of 400mg or 800mg).
Oxiracetam has moderately protected against scopolamine-induced amnesia both in rat populations and in human populations, suggesting it can aid recovery from deliriant intoxication and other typically cognitively impaired states by preserving adequate levels of acetylcholine as a primary mechanism.[4][5]
Chemistry
Oxiracetam, or (RS)-2-(4-hydroxy-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)acetamide, is a synthetic compound of the racetam family. Racetams share a pyrrolidine nucleus, a five member nitrogenous ring with a ketone bonded oxygen at R2. This 2-pyrrolidone ring is bound to the terminal carbon of an acetamide group, an ethyl amide chain with a ketone bond (C=O) at the alpha carbon. Oxiracetam is substituted with an additional hydroxy group at R4, which is a chiral center for the molecule. Oxiracetam is presumably produced as a racemate of its enantiomers. Oxiracetam is structurally analogous to piracetam, which lacks the R4 hydroxy substitution of oxiracetam.[6]
Pharmacology
Oxiracetam has been shown to increase acetylcholine release within hippocampal cells.[7] As acetycholine is involved in the function of memory consolidation, this could potentially account for its nootropic effects.
Subjective effects
Disclaimer: The effects listed below cite the Subjective Effect Index (SEI), an open research literature based on anecdotal user reports and the personal analyses of PsychonautWiki contributors. As a result, they should be viewed with a healthy degree of skepticism.
It is also worth noting that these effects will not necessarily occur in a predictable or reliable manner, although higher doses are more liable to induce the full spectrum of effects. Likewise, adverse effects become increasingly likely with higher doses and may include addiction, severe injury, or death ☠.
Physical effects 
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- Stimulation - The stimulation which oxiracetam presents can be considered as primarily subtle, with a magnitude comparable to that of caffeine.
Visual effects 
Auditory effects 
Cognitive effects 
- This effect listing primarily pertains to the recommended dosage. Users commonly report contradictory effects at higher (>2400mg) doses.
Experience reports
There are currently no anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our experience index. Additional experience reports can be found here:
Toxicity and harm potential
Several studies suggest that this substance is safe even when high doses are consumed for a long period of time[8][9][10] although it is worth noting that the exact toxic dosage is unknown. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried oxiracetam within the community suggest that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this drug at low to moderate doses by itself and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed).
It is strongly recommended that one use harm reduction practices when using this drug.
Lethal dosage
The median lethal dosage (LD50) of oxiracetam has not been officially published as it has low abuse potential, but is not known to be harmful in it's recommended dosage range.
Tolerance and addiction potential
The chronic use of oxiracetam can be considered as non-addictive with a low potential for abuse. It does not seem to be capable of causing psychological dependence among users, although this fact has not been corroborated by clinical studies. Tolerance to many of the effects of oxiracetam develops with prolonged and repeated use. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about 3 - 7 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 1 - 2 weeks to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). Oxiracetam may presents cross-tolerance with all racetam nootropics, meaning that after the consumption of oxiracetam certain nootropics such as aniracetam and piracetam may have a reduced effect.
Legal status
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This legality section is a stub. As such, it may contain incomplete or wrong information. You can help by expanding it. |
Oxiracetam, being a member of the racetam family, currently is legally available to buy and sell in most countries, but may still vary by region.
- United Kingdom - It is illegal to produce, supply, or import this drug under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.[11]
See also
External links
References
- ↑ Malykh, A. G., Sadaie, M. R. (12 February 2010). "Piracetam and piracetam-like drugs: from basic science to novel clinical applications to CNS disorders". Drugs. 70 (3): 287–312. doi:10.2165/11319230-000000000-00000. ISSN 1179-1950.
- ↑ Valzelli, L., Baiguerra, G., Giraud, O. (June 1986). "Difference in learning and retention by Albino Swiss mice. Part III. Effect of some brain stimulants". Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology. 8 (6): 337–341. ISSN 0379-0355.
- ↑ Nootreviews Oxiracetam Guide | http://nootreviews.com/oxiracetam
- ↑ Preda, L., Alberoni, M., Bressi, S., Cattaneo, C., Parini, J., Canal, N., Franceschi, M. (1993). "Effects of acute doses of oxiracetam in the scopolamine model of human amnesia". Psychopharmacology. 110 (4): 421–426. doi:10.1007/BF02244648. ISSN 0033-3158.
- ↑ Pitsikas, N., Algeri, S. (November 1992). "Effect of oxiracetam on scopolamine-induced amnesia in the rat in a spatial learning task". Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 43 (3): 949–951. doi:10.1016/0091-3057(92)90430-n. ISSN 0091-3057.
- ↑ Malykh, A. G., Sadaie, M. R. (12 February 2010). "Piracetam and piracetam-like drugs: from basic science to novel clinical applications to CNS disorders". Drugs. 70 (3): 287–312. doi:10.2165/11319230-000000000-00000. ISSN 1179-1950.
- ↑ Pugliese, A. M., Corradetti, R., Ballerini, L., Pepeu, G. (January 1990). "Effect of the nootropic drug oxiracetam on field potentials of rat hippocampal slices". British Journal of Pharmacology. 99 (1): 189–193. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1990.tb14676.x. ISSN 0007-1188.
- ↑ Parnetti, L., Mecocci, P., Petrini, A., Longo, A., Buccolieri, A., Senin, U. (1989). "Neuropsychological results of long-term therapy with oxiracetam in patients with dementia of Alzheimer type and multi-infarct dementia in comparison with a control group". Neuropsychobiology. 22 (2): 97–100. doi:10.1159/000118599. ISSN 0302-282X.
- ↑ Itil, T. M., Menon, G. N., Songar, A., Itil, K. Z. (1986). "CNS pharmacology and clinical therapeutic effects of oxiracetam". Clinical Neuropharmacology. 9 Suppl 3: S70–72. ISSN 0362-5664.
- ↑ Perucca, E., Parini, J., Albrici, A., Visconti, M., Ferrero, E. (June 1987). "Oxiracetam pharmacokinetics following single and multiple dose administration in the elderly". European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. 12 (2): 145–148. doi:10.1007/BF03189889. ISSN 0378-7966.
- ↑ Psychoactive Substances Act 2016