1V-LSD
| Summary sheet: 1V-LSD |
| 1V-LSD | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Chemical Nomenclature | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common names | 1V-LSD | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Substitutive name | 1-Valeryl-d-lysergic acid diethylamide | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Psychoactive class | Psychedelic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical class | Lysergamide | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1-Valeroyl-d-lysergic acid diethylamide (also known as 1V-LSD or Valerie) is a novel psychedelic substance of the lysergamide class.
1V-LSD is closely related to LSD and 1P-LSD and is reported to produce near-identical effects. The pharmacology is not known, but it is likely similar to that of LSD, which acts on serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine receptors in the brain.
1V-LSD is a research chemical that appears to have been first synthesized in June or July of 2021. It was announced on the same day following the announcement of the German NpSG ban of 1cP-LSD.[citation needed]
User reports indicate that the subjective effects are extremely similar to those of 1P-LSD and LSD. 1V-LSD is theorized to act as a prodrug for LSD.[1] The similarities in chemical structure it shares with LSD predict a near-identical effects profile, likely differing primarily in its rate of absorption and duration.
Subjective effects include geometric visual hallucinations, time distortion, enhanced introspection, and ego loss. Its classical psychedelic effects and favorable tolerability has led it to become popular among some novel psychoactive substance users, who use it interchangeably with LSD.
Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of 1V-LSD. It is presumed to have a similar toxicity and risk profile as LSD, although no evidence currently exists to support this.
It is highly advised to use harm reduction practices if using this substance.
History and culture
1V-LSD first appeared on the online research chemical market in June or July of 2021.[2] The provenance is not known; the substance does not appear in any academic literature pre-dating its arrival on the online research chemical market.[1]
Interestingly, the future usage of 1-akylated lysergamide derivatives as a means to bypass controlled substance laws banning LSD as a precursor was seemingly foreseen in a DEA report from 1988:
| “ | ...a reduction in hallucinogenic activity may become acceptable to the U.S. clandestine chemist when he notes that lysergic acid amide is listed as a Schedule III substance in the CFR; therefore, structurally similar substances of this compound are exempted from the CsA amendment.
A lucid argument can then be made that lysergic acid N,N-dimethylamide is derived from lysergic acid amide rather than LSD. Carrying this theme to the next logical step one would then assume that the 1-alkyl and 1-acyl derivatives of the N,N-dimethyl isomer would also not be controlled by the CsA amendment. |
” |
| — Donald A. Cooper, Future Synthetic Drugs of Abuse, 1988.[3] | ||
Chemistry
1V-LSD is a molecule of the lysergamide family. It is similar to LSD and is named for the valeryl group bound to the nitrogen of the polycyclic indole group of LSD.
The tetracyclic ergoline is characteristic of the chemical structure of ergot alkaloids. In contrast to LSD, 1V-LSD has an additional N1-valeryl group.
Chemical modifications in the N1 position are among the most frequently performed changes in the ergoline system, as the indole nitrogen is easily accessible for alkylations, acylations, Mannich reactions and Michael additions.
Pharmacology
Based on its structural similarity to LSD, 1V-LSD likely acts as a partial agonist at the 5-HT2A receptor. The psychedelic effects are thought to primarily come from its efficacy at the 5-HT2A receptors distributed throughout the brain.
1V-LSD also likely displays binding activity at a wide range of monoamine receptors, such as those for dopamine and norepinephrine. However, there is currently no data to support these claims.
It has been theorized that 1V-LSD (as well as the acyl homologs 1P-LSD or ALD-52) are deacylated in the body to LSD by elimination of valeric acid, as shown by studies with human blood serum.[citation needed]
Subjective effects
Anecdotal reports from many users suggest that the subjective effects of 1V-LSD and LSD are virtually indistinguishable from one another. In comparison to other psychedelics such as psilocybin, LSA and ayahuasca, 1V-LSD is significantly more stimulating and fast-paced regarding the specific style of its physical and cognitive effects.
Disclaimer: The effects listed below cite the Subjective Effect Index (SEI), an open research literature based on anecdotal user reports and the personal analyses of PsychonautWiki contributors. As a result, they should be viewed with a healthy degree of skepticism.
It is also worth noting that these effects will not necessarily occur in a predictable or reliable manner, although higher doses are more liable to induce the full spectrum of effects. Likewise, adverse effects become increasingly likely with higher doses and may include addiction, severe injury, or death ☠.
Physical effects 
-
- Stimulation - 1V-LSD is usually regarded as very energetic and stimulating without being forced. For example, when taken in any environment it will usually encourage physical activities such as running, walking, climbing or dancing. In comparison, other more commonly used psychedelics such as psilocybin which are generally sedating and relaxed.
- Spontaneous bodily sensations - The "body high" of 1V-LSD can be characterized as proportionally very intense in comparison to its accompanying visual and cognitive effects. It behaves as a euphoric, fast-moving, sharp and location-specific tingling sensation. For some, it is manifested spontaneously at different, unpredictable points throughout the trip, but for most, it maintains a steady presence that rises with the onset and hits its limit once the peak has been reached. At moderate to high doses of 1V-LSD, this sensation often approaches its highest level and can become so overwhelming that people may find themselves debilitated with pleasurable sensations.
- Physical euphoria - It should be noted that this effect is not as reliably induceable as it is with substances like stimulants or entactogens, and can just as easily manifest as extreme physical discomfort without any apparent reason.
- Tactile enhancement - Feelings of enhanced tactile sensations are consistently present at moderate levels throughout most 1V-LSD experiences. If level 8A geometry is reached, an intense sensation of suddenly becoming aware of and being able to feel every single nerve ending across a person's entire body all at once is consistently present.
- Stamina enhancement - This is generally mild in comparison to the stamina enhancement produced by traditional stimulants.
- Appetite suppression
- Bodily control enhancement
- Difficulty urinating
- Excessive yawning - This effect is significantly less pronounced than it is with psilocybin and its related compounds, the four-position substituted tryptamines.
- Nausea - Mild nausea is occasionally reported when consumed in moderate to high dosages and either passes instantly soon after the user has vomited or gradually fades by itself as the peak sets in.
- Increased blood pressure[citation needed]
- Increased heart rate[citation needed]
- Increased perspiration
- Muscle contractions
- Muscle spasms
- Pupil dilation
- Increased salivation
- Vasoconstriction - Vasoconstriction may lead to users feeling cold, especially in the extremities.
- Seizure - The likelihood is largely extrapolated from the seizures that have been reported from the use of LSD. It is thought to mainly be a risk in those who are genetically predisposed to them, particularly while accompanied by physically taxing conditions such as states of dehydration, fatigue, undernourishment or overheating.
Visual effects 
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Enhancements
- Colour enhancement - In comparison to other psychedelics, this effect is often reported to be brighter but not as varied in its character.
- Pattern recognition enhancement
- Visual acuity enhancement
Distortions
- Drifting (melting, breathing, morphing and flowing) - In comparison to other psychedelics, this effect can be described as highly detailed yet cartoon-like in its appearance. The distortions are slow and smooth in motion and fleeting in their appearance.
- Colour shifting
- Colour tinting
- Tracers
- After images
- Depth perception distortions
- Perspective distortions
- Recursion
- Symmetrical texture repetition
- Scenery slicing
Geometry
The visual geometry of 1V-LSD can be described as more similar in appearance to that of 2C-B or 2C-I than psilocin, LSA or DMT.It can be comprehensively described through its variations as primarily intricate in complexity, algorithmic in form, unstructured in organization, brightly lit, colourful in scheme, synthetic in feel, multicoloured in scheme, flat in shading, sharp in edges, large in size, fast in speed, smooth in motion, angular in its corners, non-immersive in-depth and consistent in intensity.
In the case of higher-level geometry, this substance is level 8A dominant but is also capable of inducing 8B Geometry under the right circumstances.
Hallucinatory states
1V-LSD is capable of producing a full range of hallucinatory states in a fashion that is significantly less consistent and reproducible than that of many other commonly used psychedelics, specifically tryptamines like DMT or psilocybin mushrooms.These effects include:
- Transformations
- Machinescapes - This component is a rare effect that typically only occurs at very strong to heavy doses, and not as consistently as with notably visual psychedelics like DMT, ETH-LAD, and 2C-P, and atypical psychedelics like salvia.
- Internal hallucination (autonomous entities; settings, sceneries, and landscapes; perspective hallucinations and scenarios and plots) - Although 1V-LSD is technically capable of producing hallucinatory states in a fashion that is on par with psilocin or DMT in its vividness and intensity, these effects are incredibly rare and inconsistent in comparison.
While traditional psychedelics such as LSA, ayahuasca and mescaline will induce internal hallucinations near consistently at level 5 geometry and above, 1V-LSD will for most simply go straight into Level 8A visual geometry.
This lack of consistently induced hallucinatory breakthroughs means that for most, LSD is limited in depth. When they do occur, they can be described in terms of their variations as lucid in believability, interactive in style, new experiences in content, autonomous in controllability and geometry-based in appearance.
- External hallucination (autonomous entities; settings, sceneries, and landscapes; perspective hallucinations and scenarios and plots)
Cognitive effects 
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- Analysis enhancement - This effect is consistent in its manifestation and introspection dominant.
- Anxiety & Paranoia - This effect is not as common at low to moderate doses and is less likely to occur when the basic rules of set and setting are taken into account. It should be noted that this inconsistently induced effect is seemingly more likely to manifest when used with cannabis. This combination should be used with extreme caution if one is not experienced with psychedelics, meaning that the user should adequately pace themselves with a fraction of their usual amount. It is commonly reported that psychedelics can to a certain extent counteract some of the perceived mental cloudiness or intoxicating effects of THC causing the user to in turn use more cannabis than is needed which can often lead to an overwhelmingly anxious headspace or a "bad trip".
- Conceptual thinking
- Creativity enhancement
- Emotion enhancement
- Novelty enhancement
- Personal bias suppression
- Personal meaning enhancement
- Focus enhancement - This effect is experienced exclusively on low or threshold dosages and feels less forced than it does with stimulants.
- Immersion enhancement
- Suggestibility enhancement
- Cognitive euphoria - This component is, generally speaking less consistent and pronounced than it is with substances like psilocybin and MDMA. The mental euphoria experienced on LSD is usually simply due to an enhancement of the user’s current psychological and emotional state coupled with its more regularly occurring effect, physical euphoria.
- Delusion
- Déjà vu
- Ego replacement
- Increased libido
- Increased music appreciation
- Increased sense of humor
- Laughter fits - This can manifest prominently during a 1V-LSD experience, particularly during the come up phase, often resulting in bouts of uncontrollable giggles and laughter that can form a feedback loop if around others who are also under the influence.
- Memory suppression
- Multiple thought streams
- Personality regression
- Thought acceleration
- Thought disorganization
- Thought loops
- Time distortion
- Wakefulness
Auditory effects 
Multi-sensory effects 
-
- Synaesthesia - In its fullest manifestation, this is a very rare and non-reproducible effect. Increasing the dosage can increase the likelihood of this occurring, but seems to only be a prominent part of the experience among those who are already predisposed to synaesthetic states.
Combination effects
- Alcohol - Alcohol's central depressant effects can be used to reduce some of the anxiety and tension produced by 1V-LSD. However, alcohol can cause dehydration, nausea and physical fatigue which can negatively impact the direction of the trip. Users are advised to pace themselves and drink a portion of their usual amount.
- Benzodiazepines - Benzodiazepines are highly effective at reducing the intensity of 1V-LSD's effects through the general suppression of brain activity.
- Cannabis - Cannabis strongly intensifies the sensory and cognitive effects of 1V-LSD. Extreme caution is advised when using this combination as it can significantly increase the chances of a negative psychological reaction like anxiety, confusion and psychosis. Users are advised to start off with only a fraction of their usual cannabis dose and take long breaks between hits to avoid over intake.
- Dissociatives - 1V-LSD enhances the cognitive, visual and general hallucinatory effects of dissociatives. Dissociative-induced holes, spaces, and voids and internal hallucinations become more vivid and intense on 1V-LSD. These effects correspond with an increased risk of confusion, delusions, and psychosis.
- MDMA - 1V-LSD and MDMA are highly synergistic and mutually enhance each other's physical, cognitive, and visual effects. The synergy between these substances is unpredictable, and it is advised to start with markedly lower doses than one would take for each individually. There is some evidence that suggests LSD increases the neurotoxicity of MDMA, which may be relevant to 1V-LSD as well.[4][5][6]
Experience reports
Anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our experience index include:
Toxicity and harm potential
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This toxicity and harm potential section is a stub. As a result, it may contain incomplete or even dangerously wrong information! You can help by expanding upon or correcting it. |
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 1V-LSD use have not been studied. This is because 1V-LSD is a research chemical with almost no history of human use.
Anecdotal reports suggest that there are no negative health effects attributed to simply trying 1V-LSD by itself, at low to moderate doses, and using it very sparingly (although nothing can be completely guaranteed). Independent research should always be conducted to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption.
Based on its similarity to LSD, 1V-LSD is assumed to be physiologically well-tolerated with a extremely low toxicity relative to dose. There are relatively few physical side effects that have been reported following acute 1V-LSD exposure.
However, as with LSD and psychedelics in general, it is likely that 1V-LSD can act as a trigger for those with underlying mental disorders. Those with a personal or family history of mental illness are generally advised not to use this substance, particularly when outside of a supervised medical setting.
It is strongly recommended that one uses harm reduction practices when using this substance.
Overdose
1V-LSD has no known toxic dose. However, higher doses increase the risk of adverse psychological reactions. These reactions include anxiety, delusions, panic attacks and, more rarely, seizures. Medical attention is usually not needed except in the case of severe psychotic episodes or the ingestion of fake acid (such as 25i-NBOMe or DOB). Administration of benzodiazepines or antipsychotics can help to relieve the acute negative cognitive effects of 1V-LSD.
Dependence and abuse potential
Although no formal studies have been conducted, it is assumed that like LSD itself, 1V-LSD is non-addictive with a low abuse potential.
There are no literature reports of successful attempts to train animals to self-administer LSD — an animal model predictive of abuse liability — indicating that it does not have the necessary pharmacology to either initiate or maintain dependence.[7]
Likewise, there is virtually no withdrawal syndrome when chronic use of LSD is stopped.[citation needed] It is assumed that 1V-LSD shares these properties with LSD.
Tolerance to the effects of 1V-LSD is built almost immediately after ingestion. After that, it takes about 5-7 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 14 days to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). 1V-LSD produces cross-tolerance with all psychedelics, meaning that after the use of 1V-LSD they will have a reduced effect.
Dangerous interactions
Warning: Many psychoactive substances that are reasonably safe to use on their own can suddenly become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with certain other substances. The following list provides some known dangerous interactions (although it is not guaranteed to include all of them).
Always conduct independent research (e.g. Google, DuckDuckGo, PubMed) to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe to consume. Some of the listed interactions have been sourced from TripSit.
The following substances are listed on the assumption that 1V-LSD possesses a similar if not the same dangerous interactions profile as LSD, and may include more due to its status as an unstudied research chemical.
- Lithium - Lithium is commonly prescribed for the treatment of bipolar disorder. There is a large body of anecdotal evidence that suggests taking it with psychedelics significantly increases the risk of psychosis and seizures. As a result, this combination is strictly discouraged.
- Cannabis - Cannabis may have an unexpectedly strong and unpredictable synergy with the effects of 1V-LSD. Caution is advised with this combination as it can significantly increase the risk of adverse psychological reactions like anxiety, paranoia, panic attacks, and psychosis. Users are advised to start off with only a fraction of their normal cannabis dose and take long breaks between hits to avoid unintentional overdose.
- Stimulants - Stimulants like amphetamine, cocaine or methylphenidate affect many parts of the brain and alter dopaminergic function. This combination can increase the risk of anxiety, paranoia, panic attacks, and thought loops. This interaction may also result in an elevated risk of mania and psychosis.[citation needed]
- Tramadol - Tramadol is well-documented to lower the seizure threshold[8] and psychedelics may act to trigger seizures in susceptible individuals.[citation needed]
Legal status
Internationally, 1V-LSD is not scheduled under the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances. It is considered to exist in a legal grey area in many countries, meaning that while it is not specifically illegal, individuals may still be charged for its possession under certain circumstances such as under analogue laws and with the intent to sell or consume.
- Austria: 1V-LSD is technically not illegal but it may fall under the NPSG (Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Gesetz Österreich) as an analogue of LSD, thus making it illegal to supply for human consumption.[9][10]
- Germany: 1V-LSD is controlled under the NpSG (New Psychoactive Substances Act)[11] as of October 7, 2022.[12] Production and import with the aim to place it on the market, administration to another person and trading is punishable. Possession is illegal but not penalized.[13]
- Japan: 1V-LSD is a controlled substance in Japan as of March 20, 2023.[14]
- Latvia: 1V-LSD is illegal in Latvia. Although it is not officially scheduled, it is controlled as an LSD structural analog due to an amendment made on June 1, 2015.[15]
- Switzerland: 1V-LSD can be considered a controlled substance as a defined derivative of Lysergic Acid under Verzeichnis E point 263. It is legal when used for scientific or industrial use.[16]
- Turkey: 1V-LSD is a classed as drug and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.[17]
- United Kingdom: 1V-LSD is illegal to produce, supply, or import under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26, 2016.[18]
- United States: Since 1V-LSD can be considered a prodrug for LSD, its possession and sale may be prosecutable in the United States under the Federal Analogue Act.[19]
See also
Discussion
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Brandt, S. D.; Kavanagh, P. V.; Westphal, F.; Stratford, A.; Elliott, S. P.; Hoang, K.; Wallach, J.; Halberstadt, A. L. (2015). "Return of the lysergamides. Part I: Analytical and behavioural characterization of 1‐propionyl‐d‐lysergic acid diethylamide (1P‐LSD)". Drug Testing and Analysis. 8 (9): 891–902. doi:10.1002/dta.1884. ISSN 1942-7603.
- ↑ "1V-LSD (Google Trends)". Retrieved August 16, 2021.
- ↑ Cooper, Donald A. (1988). "Future Synthetic Drugs of Abuse". Proceedings of the international symposium on the forensic aspects of controlled substances. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-93211-509-6.
- ↑ Armstrong, B. D.; Paik, E.; Chhith, S.; Lelievre, V.; Waschek, J. A.; Howard, S. G. (2004). "Potentiation of (DL)‐3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)‐induced toxicity by the serotonin 2A receptior partial agonist d‐lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and the protection of same by the serotonin 2A/2C receptor antagonist MDL 11,939". Neuroscience Research Communications. 35 (2): 83–95. doi:10.1002/nrc.20023. ISSN 1520-6769.
- ↑ Gudelsky, Gary A.; Yamamoto, Bryan; Nash, J. Frank (1994). "Potentiation of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced dopamine release and serotonin neurotoxicity by 5-HT2 receptor agonists". European Journal of Pharmacology. 264 (3): 325–330. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(94)90669-6. ISSN 0014-2999.
- ↑ Capela, J. P.; Fernandes, E.; Remião, F.; Bastos, M. L.; Meisel, A.; Carvalho, F. (2007). "Ecstasy induces apoptosis via 5-HT2A-receptor stimulation in cortical neurons". Neurotoxicology. 28 (4): 868–875. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2007.04.005. ISSN 0161-813X. PMID 17572501.
- ↑ Nichols, David E. (2004). "Hallucinogens". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 101 (2): 131–181. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2003.11.002. ISSN 0163-7258.
- ↑ Talaie, H.; Panahandeh, R.; Fayaznouri, M. R.; Asadi, Z.; Abdollahi, M. (2009). "Dose-independent occurrence of seizure with tramadol". Journal of Medical Toxicology. 5 (2): 63–67. doi:10.1007/BF03161089. ISSN 1556-9039.
- ↑ "Synthetische Drogen: Neues Gesetz soll "Legal Highs" bekämpfen" [Synthetic drugs: New law is to combat legal highs] (in German). Der Standard. September 28, 2011. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
- ↑ "Entwurf: Bundesgesetz, mit dem ein Bundesgesetz über den Schutz vor Gesundheitsgefahren im Zusammenhang mit Neuen Psychoaktiven Substanzen (Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Gesetz, NPSG) erlassen und das Suchtmittelgesetz (SMG) geändert wird" (PDF) (in German). Retrieved January 1, 2020.
- ↑ "Anlage NpSG" (in German). Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz [Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection]. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
- ↑ "Verordnung zur Änderung der Anlage des Neue-psychoaktive-Stoffe-Gesetzes und von Anlagen des Betäubungsmittelgesetzes" (PDF). Bundesgesetzblatt Jahrgang 2022 Teil I Nr. 35 (in German). Bundesanzeiger Verlag. October 6, 2022. pp. 1552–1565. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
- ↑ "§ 4 NpSG" (in German). Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz [Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection]. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
- ↑ 危険ドラッグの成分７物質を新たに指定薬物に指定 (in Japanese). 厚生労働省 [Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW)]. Retrieved March 11, 2023.
- ↑ "Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem" (in Latvian). VSIA Latvijas Vēstnesis. November 10, 2005. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
- ↑ "Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien" (in German). Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
- ↑ https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2022/06/20220604-14.pdf
- ↑ "Psychoactive Substances Act 2016". UK Government. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
- ↑ 21 U.S. Code § 813 - Treatment of controlled substance analogues